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As in the USA, there was also slavery in Brazil. The slaves were put to work in the plantations
where sugar and tobacco were the main crops and the demand for slave labour was great. During the history of the slave trade,
it is estimated that more than two million slaves were brought to Brazil from Africa.
These slaves came from different
regions of Africa and thus had different cultures. They were distributed in three main ports: Bahia, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro.
In Rio and Recife, the slaves were from different ethnic groups and sometimes from enemy tribes as well, which made
it difficult for these slaves to organise a revolt. More slaves in Rio were from Bantu peoples, while in other areas, such
as Bahia, slaves came primarily from West Africa. As the slaves became aware that their condition was irreversible, that they
were intended to be an involuntary work force forever, they began to run away.
In Recife, a group of 40 slaves rebelled
against their master, killed all the white employees, and burned the plantation house. They then set themselves free and decided
to find a place where they could be hidden from the slave hunters. They headed to the mountains, a trip that took many months
to complete. Had it not been for the help they received from the Indians, this journey would have been practically impossible
to accomplish. Eventually they reached what they thought was a safe place, which because of its abundance of palm trees they
named Palmares. In this place an African community was born; a community which lasted nearly a century. In this community
the first forms of Capoeira were developed.
While no one would deny the tremendous African influence on Capoeira,
nothing is really known about a form of Capoeira originating in Africa. All that is written on this subject is based on speculation.
The earliest known historical record of Capoeira as a martial art is approximately 1770, long after early years of slavery.
No further accounts of Capoeira are found until the early 1800's in the form of various police records from Rio de Janeiro.
Palmares
Over the course of years, scattered settlements were established in the mountains. The largest of these was
Palmares with more than 20,000 inhabitants, including some Indians and whites.
Here tribes that were strangers or
enemies in Africa united to fight for a common goal.
A new community was formed with a very rich cultural mixture.
In this new environment they shared and learned from each other their dance, rituals, religion, and games. One result of this
rich cultural fusion was Capoeira in its earliest form.
Palmares was growing rapidly as more refugees arrived in this
little African nation. It started to worry the Portuguese colonizers. People from Palmares would come down from the mountains
to trade produce, fruit, and animal skins and would often raid plantations to free more slaves.
Palmares began to
effect the life of the plantations as more and more of the slaves escaped. The colonists suffered economically because of
the diminishing labour force.
To make things worse for the Portuguese, Holland invaded Brazil in 1630. The slaves
took advantage of this situation and with assistance from Palmares left the plantations and fought the Portuguese Army. The
army at this point was fighting two enemies.
The Dutch won the war, but the Africans never stopped fighting. In 1644
the Dutch organised an expedition to go to Palmares, but nothing was accomplished. In the following years a second expedition
was sent to the mountains which also failed.
It is important to point out that these expeditions were formed by very
experienced and well-armed soldiers. But the Africans developed a system of fighting called "jungle war" or ambush. Capoeira
was the key element in the unexpected attacks. With fast and tricky movements the slaves caused considerable damage to the
white men. Capoeira became their weapon, their symbol of freedom.
When an expedition was successful, the slaves who
were returned to the plantations taught Capoeira to others there. Sunday was their one-day of rest and that was when they
practised Capoeira. But there, in the quarters, the practice soon was altered. Music, singing, dance and ritual were added
to Capoeira, disguising the fact that the slaves were practising a deadly martial art.
In twenty-five years the colonies
suffered eleven rebellions that culminated with the abolition of slavery on May 13, 1888.
After the abolition, some
ex-slaves returned to Africa, but the majority stayed in Brazil. The planters being no longer interested in them as a work
force, most headed to the cities to form slums and shantytowns. There was no employment in the cities either, and many organised
into criminal gangs. Others, more fortunate because of their knowledge of capoeira, were hired by politicians as bodyguards.
All were seen by the government as a "plague."
The main activities of these "Capoeiristas" (anyone who practices the
art) was to disrupt the political life of the country. In the 1890's some very influential people in high levels of society,
were practitioners of capoeira. This was a threat to the government, and the president created a special police force to control
the situation. When this effort was ineffective, a rigid penal code was initiated. A tougher law was later added stating that
any person who was a known capoeirista would be expatriated. To enforce these laws, the president hired a man named Sampaio,
who was reputed to be the most ruthless police chief in Brazil's history. He was determined to extinguish capoeira. What is
interesting about Sampaio was that he was an excellent capoeirista, and was a terror to the gangs.
Sampaio's special
police force learned capoeira, so they were able to challenge their "enemy" on their own ground. Had it not been for the strong
resistance by the Capoeiristas, as well as support by influential people, he may have succeeded in his mission.
One
incident brought to an end Sampaio's relentless pursuit of the Capoeiristas. He arrested a man named Juca, a member of the
gentry, for practising capoeira and demanded that he be expatriated. This caused a crisis for the government for the members
of the president's cabinet opposed this action because Juca's father was well known and favoured by many politicians.
The
president called a special meeting of his cabinet, and after eighteen days, two important members of the cabinet resigned
and Juca was expatriated.
After this event, change was expected in the behaviour of the capoeiristas. But the change
was in their favour. The opposition to the government created a black militia to disrupt the president. This militia was formed
exclusively of capoeiristas and they spread fear in the capital. The police were ineffective against them and just as the
situation was becoming desperate, Brazil went to war with Paraguay. The black militia was sent to the front and suddenly the
outlaws became national heroes. And capoeira entered another phase in its history.
Modern Times
The law that prohibited
the practice of capoeira was still effect until 1920, and its practice disguised as a "folk dance." In their hidden places,
capoeiristas did their best to keep the tradition alive, and by presenting it as a folk art, they made the practice of capoeira
more acceptable to the society.
In those years it was very common for a capoeirista to have two or three nicknames.
The police knew all the capoeiristas by these names and not by their real identity, so it made it much more difficult to arrest
them. (This tradition is continued today. When a person is "baptised" into the practice of capoeira, they are given a nickname.)
In 1937, Mestre Bimba, one of the most important masters of capoeira, received an invitation from the president to
demonstrate his art in the capital. After a successful performance he went back to his home state and with the government's
permission, opened the first capoeira school in Brazil. It was the first step towards a more open development, and years later
the senate passed a bill establishing capoeira as a national sport.
Today capoeira is all over the world. In Brazil,
as part of the culture, there is capoeira everywhere - in elementary schools, universities, clubs, and in military academies.
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